σ = F / A, ϵ = ΔL / L₀where F is the force, A is the cross-sectional area, ΔL is the change in length, and L₀ is the original length.
F = kxwhere F is the force, k is the spring constant, and x is the displacement.
Y = (Stress / Strain) = (F / A) / (ΔL / L₀) = (FL₀) / (AΔL)
B = - (ΔP / ΔV) * Vwhere ΔP is the change in pressure, and ΔV is the change in volume.
G = (Shear Stress / Shear Strain) = (F / A) / (x / L)
P = ρghwhere ρ is the fluid density, g is acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height of the fluid column.
η = (F * L) / (A * v)where F is the force, L is the length, A is the area, and v is the velocity of the fluid flow.
F = 6πηrvwhere η is the fluid viscosity, r is the radius of the sphere, and v is the velocity of the sphere.
P + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant
P = 2T / rwhere T is the surface tension, and r is the radius of curvature.